Understand Your Care.
Understand Your Care.
Welcoming clarity at Golden Coast Psychiatry.
Welcoming clarity at Golden Coast Psychiatry.
At Golden Coast Psychiatry, we believe informed patients are empowered patients.
At Golden Coast Psychiatry, we believe informed patients are empowered patients.
Our goal is to demystify mental health and help you make confident, informed decisions about your care.
Our goal is to demystify mental health and help you make confident, informed decisions about your care.
Common Problems / Concerns
Depression
Depression (Major Depressive Disorder) What it is: A medical condition that lowers mood and energy, changes sleep and appetite, it can affect out motivation and make everyday tasks feel "heavy" or near impossible to get through. It isn’t a character flaw or “just sadness”, it is a medical condition that affects millions of people every year. How it can feel: “I’m on autopilot,” “nothing is enjoyable,” “my brain is foggy,” “I’m tired no matter what.”, "things just feel pointless". Common signs: Low mood or numbness, loss of interest, fatigue, trouble concentrating, sleep/appetite changes, guilt/worthlessness, feeling "slowed down", thoughts of death or suicide. Why it happens: Usually a mix of biology (brain circuits and chemicals abnormalities), combined with stress, medical issues, and/ or genetics. Treatment options: Psychotherapy: Various modalities used. Medication: SSRIs/SNRIs, bupropion, mirtazapine; sometimes one medication is not enough and additional medications are needed to "augment" anti-depressants. Lifestyle: Sleep regularity, sunlight exposure, activity, nutrition, reducing alcohol/cannabis, connecting with support system and others. When severe or urgent: Rapid-acting options (e.g., ketamine/esketamine, ECT) may be considered in specialty care. What you can do now: Track sleep/mood, reintroduce small daily activities, and talk openly with your clinician about side effects and goals.
Bipolar Disorder (I, II, Cyclothymia)
What it is: A condition with episodes of depression that look like depression as above but also distinct periods elevated mood or extreme irratability with other symptoms that we call Mania or Hypomania depending on symptoms. Mania is a sustained state of abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood that lasts at least 4 consecutive days in hypomania and 7 days in mania (or any duration if hospitalization is needed) and causes major changes in thinking, behavior, and functioning. This is very different from a good day, a burst of motivation, or mood swings that come and go within hours.The elevated side can look like high energy, little sleep, racing ideas, impulsive choices, increased distractibility and generally acting outside your normal character. How it can feel: “On top of the world”, "I can do anything" and these feelings may last weeks often followed by a “crash,” and depression following a manic episodes. Most people with Bipolar disorder struggle much more often with depression rather than Mania but have had at least one manic episode in their life time to be diagnosed. Common signs: Decreased need for sleep, increased talk/ideas, spending or risky behaviors, irritability, grandiosity during mania and as well as periods of normality (euthymia) and depressive episodes. Treatment options: Core meds: Mood stabilizers (lithium, lamotrigine, valproate, carbamazepine) and certain "antipsychotics". Therapy: Routine building, relapse plans, recognizing early warning signs. Lifestyle: Sleep regularity, stress management, avoid substances and sleep disruption. What you can do now: Keep a simple mood/sleep log; share early warning signs with loved ones; build a “when to call” plan with your clinician. Seek emergency care if symptoms severe.
Dysthymia
What it is: A long-lasting, lower-grade form of depression (2+ years) that feels like a constant “dimmer switch” on joy. How it can feel: “I function, but rarely feel good,” “I’m chronically tired/negative,” “things feel gray.” Common signs: Ongoing low mood/irritability, low motivation, low self-esteem, poor concentration, sleep/appetite changes. Treatment options: Therapy plus antidepressants often work best together; gradual, steady improvement is common. Routines and consistent sleep are key. What you can do now: Set tiny, repeatable habits (walk after lunch, lights on at wake time), celebrate 1% gains as they compound.
Depression
Depression (Major Depressive Disorder) What it is: A medical condition that lowers mood and energy, changes sleep and appetite, it can affect out motivation and make everyday tasks feel "heavy" or near impossible to get through. It isn’t a character flaw or “just sadness”, it is a medical condition that affects millions of people every year. How it can feel: “I’m on autopilot,” “nothing is enjoyable,” “my brain is foggy,” “I’m tired no matter what.”, "things just feel pointless". Common signs: Low mood or numbness, loss of interest, fatigue, trouble concentrating, sleep/appetite changes, guilt/worthlessness, feeling "slowed down", thoughts of death or suicide. Why it happens: Usually a mix of biology (brain circuits and chemicals abnormalities), combined with stress, medical issues, and/ or genetics. Treatment options: Psychotherapy: Various modalities used. Medication: SSRIs/SNRIs, bupropion, mirtazapine; sometimes one medication is not enough and additional medications are needed to "augment" anti-depressants. Lifestyle: Sleep regularity, sunlight exposure, activity, nutrition, reducing alcohol/cannabis, connecting with support system and others. When severe or urgent: Rapid-acting options (e.g., ketamine/esketamine, ECT) may be considered in specialty care. What you can do now: Track sleep/mood, reintroduce small daily activities, and talk openly with your clinician about side effects and goals.
Bipolar Disorder (I, II, Cyclothymia)
What it is: A condition with episodes of depression that look like depression as above but also distinct periods elevated mood or extreme irratability with other symptoms that we call Mania or Hypomania depending on symptoms. Mania is a sustained state of abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood that lasts at least 4 consecutive days in hypomania and 7 days in mania (or any duration if hospitalization is needed) and causes major changes in thinking, behavior, and functioning. This is very different from a good day, a burst of motivation, or mood swings that come and go within hours.The elevated side can look like high energy, little sleep, racing ideas, impulsive choices, increased distractibility and generally acting outside your normal character. How it can feel: “On top of the world”, "I can do anything" and these feelings may last weeks often followed by a “crash,” and depression following a manic episodes. Most people with Bipolar disorder struggle much more often with depression rather than Mania but have had at least one manic episode in their life time to be diagnosed. Common signs: Decreased need for sleep, increased talk/ideas, spending or risky behaviors, irritability, grandiosity during mania and as well as periods of normality (euthymia) and depressive episodes. Treatment options: Core meds: Mood stabilizers (lithium, lamotrigine, valproate, carbamazepine) and certain "antipsychotics". Therapy: Routine building, relapse plans, recognizing early warning signs. Lifestyle: Sleep regularity, stress management, avoid substances and sleep disruption. What you can do now: Keep a simple mood/sleep log; share early warning signs with loved ones; build a “when to call” plan with your clinician. Seek emergency care if symptoms severe.
Dysthymia
What it is: A long-lasting, lower-grade form of depression (2+ years) that feels like a constant “dimmer switch” on joy. How it can feel: “I function, but rarely feel good,” “I’m chronically tired/negative,” “things feel gray.” Common signs: Ongoing low mood/irritability, low motivation, low self-esteem, poor concentration, sleep/appetite changes. Treatment options: Therapy plus antidepressants often work best together; gradual, steady improvement is common. Routines and consistent sleep are key. What you can do now: Set tiny, repeatable habits (walk after lunch, lights on at wake time), celebrate 1% gains as they compound.
Depression
Depression (Major Depressive Disorder) What it is: A medical condition that lowers mood and energy, changes sleep and appetite, it can affect out motivation and make everyday tasks feel "heavy" or near impossible to get through. It isn’t a character flaw or “just sadness”, it is a medical condition that affects millions of people every year. How it can feel: “I’m on autopilot,” “nothing is enjoyable,” “my brain is foggy,” “I’m tired no matter what.”, "things just feel pointless". Common signs: Low mood or numbness, loss of interest, fatigue, trouble concentrating, sleep/appetite changes, guilt/worthlessness, feeling "slowed down", thoughts of death or suicide. Why it happens: Usually a mix of biology (brain circuits and chemicals abnormalities), combined with stress, medical issues, and/ or genetics. Treatment options: Psychotherapy: Various modalities used. Medication: SSRIs/SNRIs, bupropion, mirtazapine; sometimes one medication is not enough and additional medications are needed to "augment" anti-depressants. Lifestyle: Sleep regularity, sunlight exposure, activity, nutrition, reducing alcohol/cannabis, connecting with support system and others. When severe or urgent: Rapid-acting options (e.g., ketamine/esketamine, ECT) may be considered in specialty care. What you can do now: Track sleep/mood, reintroduce small daily activities, and talk openly with your clinician about side effects and goals.
Bipolar Disorder (I, II, Cyclothymia)
What it is: A condition with episodes of depression that look like depression as above but also distinct periods elevated mood or extreme irratability with other symptoms that we call Mania or Hypomania depending on symptoms. Mania is a sustained state of abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood that lasts at least 4 consecutive days in hypomania and 7 days in mania (or any duration if hospitalization is needed) and causes major changes in thinking, behavior, and functioning. This is very different from a good day, a burst of motivation, or mood swings that come and go within hours.The elevated side can look like high energy, little sleep, racing ideas, impulsive choices, increased distractibility and generally acting outside your normal character. How it can feel: “On top of the world”, "I can do anything" and these feelings may last weeks often followed by a “crash,” and depression following a manic episodes. Most people with Bipolar disorder struggle much more often with depression rather than Mania but have had at least one manic episode in their life time to be diagnosed. Common signs: Decreased need for sleep, increased talk/ideas, spending or risky behaviors, irritability, grandiosity during mania and as well as periods of normality (euthymia) and depressive episodes. Treatment options: Core meds: Mood stabilizers (lithium, lamotrigine, valproate, carbamazepine) and certain "antipsychotics". Therapy: Routine building, relapse plans, recognizing early warning signs. Lifestyle: Sleep regularity, stress management, avoid substances and sleep disruption. What you can do now: Keep a simple mood/sleep log; share early warning signs with loved ones; build a “when to call” plan with your clinician. Seek emergency care if symptoms severe.
Dysthymia
What it is: A long-lasting, lower-grade form of depression (2+ years) that feels like a constant “dimmer switch” on joy. How it can feel: “I function, but rarely feel good,” “I’m chronically tired/negative,” “things feel gray.” Common signs: Ongoing low mood/irritability, low motivation, low self-esteem, poor concentration, sleep/appetite changes. Treatment options: Therapy plus antidepressants often work best together; gradual, steady improvement is common. Routines and consistent sleep are key. What you can do now: Set tiny, repeatable habits (walk after lunch, lights on at wake time), celebrate 1% gains as they compound.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
What it is: Persistant, hard-to-control worry about everyday things, plus physical tension and fatigue that often goes with poor sleep. How it can feel: “What if…?” all day, trouble relaxing, sore shoulders/jaw, mental fatigue. Common signs: Excessive worry, restlessness (not being able to stay still), muscle tension, irritability, poor concentration, insomnia (not being able to sleep). Treatment options: Therapy: CBT to challenge worry loops and practice tolerating uncertainty. Medication: SSRIs/SNRIs; buspirone can help. Skills: Scheduled worry time, mindfullness and breathing techniques, reducing caffeine/nicotine.
Panic Disorder
What it is: Repeated panic attacks (sudden waves of intesne fear + heart racing, shortness of breath) and a frequent fear of having more episodes. How it can feel: “I’m dying or going to faint,” “I avoid places I can’t escape or that remind me of these episodes.” Treatment options: Therapy: Interoceptive exposure (safely practicing body sensations) and CBT to retrain the fear system. Medication: SSRIs for loong-term teatment; short-term use of beta-blockers for performance situations; benzos are avoided or used very sparingly due to dependence/avoidance. What you can do now: Learn that panic peaks and passes; practice breathing and mindfullness techniques and gentle exposure steps if known triggers.
Social Anxiety Disorder
What it is: Fear of judgment/embarrassment in social or performance settings. How it can feel: “Everyone notices my mistakes,” blushing, shaking, mind going blank in social situations. Treatment options: Therapy: CBT with gradual exposures; social skills practice. Medication: SSRIs; beta-blockers situationally for performances. What you can do now: Choose one safe social exposure per week and practice relaxation techniques during exposure; rate fear before/after to see real progress.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
What it is: Persistant, hard-to-control worry about everyday things, plus physical tension and fatigue that often goes with poor sleep. How it can feel: “What if…?” all day, trouble relaxing, sore shoulders/jaw, mental fatigue. Common signs: Excessive worry, restlessness (not being able to stay still), muscle tension, irritability, poor concentration, insomnia (not being able to sleep). Treatment options: Therapy: CBT to challenge worry loops and practice tolerating uncertainty. Medication: SSRIs/SNRIs; buspirone can help. Skills: Scheduled worry time, mindfullness and breathing techniques, reducing caffeine/nicotine.
Panic Disorder
What it is: Repeated panic attacks (sudden waves of intesne fear + heart racing, shortness of breath) and a frequent fear of having more episodes. How it can feel: “I’m dying or going to faint,” “I avoid places I can’t escape or that remind me of these episodes.” Treatment options: Therapy: Interoceptive exposure (safely practicing body sensations) and CBT to retrain the fear system. Medication: SSRIs for loong-term teatment; short-term use of beta-blockers for performance situations; benzos are avoided or used very sparingly due to dependence/avoidance. What you can do now: Learn that panic peaks and passes; practice breathing and mindfullness techniques and gentle exposure steps if known triggers.
Social Anxiety Disorder
What it is: Fear of judgment/embarrassment in social or performance settings. How it can feel: “Everyone notices my mistakes,” blushing, shaking, mind going blank in social situations. Treatment options: Therapy: CBT with gradual exposures; social skills practice. Medication: SSRIs; beta-blockers situationally for performances. What you can do now: Choose one safe social exposure per week and practice relaxation techniques during exposure; rate fear before/after to see real progress.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
What it is: Persistant, hard-to-control worry about everyday things, plus physical tension and fatigue that often goes with poor sleep. How it can feel: “What if…?” all day, trouble relaxing, sore shoulders/jaw, mental fatigue. Common signs: Excessive worry, restlessness (not being able to stay still), muscle tension, irritability, poor concentration, insomnia (not being able to sleep). Treatment options: Therapy: CBT to challenge worry loops and practice tolerating uncertainty. Medication: SSRIs/SNRIs; buspirone can help. Skills: Scheduled worry time, mindfullness and breathing techniques, reducing caffeine/nicotine.
Panic Disorder
What it is: Repeated panic attacks (sudden waves of intesne fear + heart racing, shortness of breath) and a frequent fear of having more episodes. How it can feel: “I’m dying or going to faint,” “I avoid places I can’t escape or that remind me of these episodes.” Treatment options: Therapy: Interoceptive exposure (safely practicing body sensations) and CBT to retrain the fear system. Medication: SSRIs for loong-term teatment; short-term use of beta-blockers for performance situations; benzos are avoided or used very sparingly due to dependence/avoidance. What you can do now: Learn that panic peaks and passes; practice breathing and mindfullness techniques and gentle exposure steps if known triggers.
Social Anxiety Disorder
What it is: Fear of judgment/embarrassment in social or performance settings. How it can feel: “Everyone notices my mistakes,” blushing, shaking, mind going blank in social situations. Treatment options: Therapy: CBT with gradual exposures; social skills practice. Medication: SSRIs; beta-blockers situationally for performances. What you can do now: Choose one safe social exposure per week and practice relaxation techniques during exposure; rate fear before/after to see real progress.
Obssessive-Compulsive Disorder
What it is: Intrusive thoughts (obsessions) that drive repetitive behaviors or mental rituals (compulsions) to reduce distress. How it can feel: “What if I didn’t lock the door?” → repeated checking; or taboo thoughts that are uncomfortable that we don't want to have but can feel intrusive and sometimes terrifying. These activities or thoughts interfere with our lives and can take up significant portions of our days. Treatment options: Therapy: Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) is first-line. Medication: SSRIs or clomipramine. What you can do now: Name the OCD loop, not the content (“This is OCD talking”); resist just a little longer than usual before a ritual and work to build "tolerance" to the distress.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) What it is: A trauma-related condition with re-experiencing (memories, nightmares), avoidance, negative mood/cognition changes, and hyperarousal (feeling on edge or often in a state of heightened stress, "fight or flight." How it can feel: On edge, easily startled, emotionally numb or guilty, sleep disrupted, problems with anger or emotional regulation. Treatment options: Therapies: Trauma-focused (EMDR, Cognitive Processing Therapy, Prolonged Exposure). Common Medication: SSRIs/SNRIs; prazosin for nightmares; Safety: Substance reduction and grounding skills are protective. What you can do now: Learn 3 grounding tools (5-4-3-2-1 senses, paced breathing, safe-place imagery); consider trauma-focused therapy when ready.
Adjustment Disorder
Adjustment Disorder (Stress Reactions) What it is: Emotional/behavioral symptoms after a clear stressor (loss of loved one, changing jobs or roles, move, health issue, etc.) that cause impairment but also might not meet quite enough of the symptoms for other disorders. How it can feel: “I’m not myself since X,” tearful, irritable, overwhelmed, anxious, depressed. Treatment options: Short-term therapy, problem-solving, sleep support; brief meds if needed to target specific symptoms. What you can do now: Name the stressor, set a 30–60-day coping plan, lean on routine and support.
Obssessive-Compulsive Disorder
What it is: Intrusive thoughts (obsessions) that drive repetitive behaviors or mental rituals (compulsions) to reduce distress. How it can feel: “What if I didn’t lock the door?” → repeated checking; or taboo thoughts that are uncomfortable that we don't want to have but can feel intrusive and sometimes terrifying. These activities or thoughts interfere with our lives and can take up significant portions of our days. Treatment options: Therapy: Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) is first-line. Medication: SSRIs or clomipramine. What you can do now: Name the OCD loop, not the content (“This is OCD talking”); resist just a little longer than usual before a ritual and work to build "tolerance" to the distress.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) What it is: A trauma-related condition with re-experiencing (memories, nightmares), avoidance, negative mood/cognition changes, and hyperarousal (feeling on edge or often in a state of heightened stress, "fight or flight." How it can feel: On edge, easily startled, emotionally numb or guilty, sleep disrupted, problems with anger or emotional regulation. Treatment options: Therapies: Trauma-focused (EMDR, Cognitive Processing Therapy, Prolonged Exposure). Common Medication: SSRIs/SNRIs; prazosin for nightmares; Safety: Substance reduction and grounding skills are protective. What you can do now: Learn 3 grounding tools (5-4-3-2-1 senses, paced breathing, safe-place imagery); consider trauma-focused therapy when ready.
Adjustment Disorder
Adjustment Disorder (Stress Reactions) What it is: Emotional/behavioral symptoms after a clear stressor (loss of loved one, changing jobs or roles, move, health issue, etc.) that cause impairment but also might not meet quite enough of the symptoms for other disorders. How it can feel: “I’m not myself since X,” tearful, irritable, overwhelmed, anxious, depressed. Treatment options: Short-term therapy, problem-solving, sleep support; brief meds if needed to target specific symptoms. What you can do now: Name the stressor, set a 30–60-day coping plan, lean on routine and support.
Obssessive-Compulsive Disorder
What it is: Intrusive thoughts (obsessions) that drive repetitive behaviors or mental rituals (compulsions) to reduce distress. How it can feel: “What if I didn’t lock the door?” → repeated checking; or taboo thoughts that are uncomfortable that we don't want to have but can feel intrusive and sometimes terrifying. These activities or thoughts interfere with our lives and can take up significant portions of our days. Treatment options: Therapy: Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) is first-line. Medication: SSRIs or clomipramine. What you can do now: Name the OCD loop, not the content (“This is OCD talking”); resist just a little longer than usual before a ritual and work to build "tolerance" to the distress.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) What it is: A trauma-related condition with re-experiencing (memories, nightmares), avoidance, negative mood/cognition changes, and hyperarousal (feeling on edge or often in a state of heightened stress, "fight or flight." How it can feel: On edge, easily startled, emotionally numb or guilty, sleep disrupted, problems with anger or emotional regulation. Treatment options: Therapies: Trauma-focused (EMDR, Cognitive Processing Therapy, Prolonged Exposure). Common Medication: SSRIs/SNRIs; prazosin for nightmares; Safety: Substance reduction and grounding skills are protective. What you can do now: Learn 3 grounding tools (5-4-3-2-1 senses, paced breathing, safe-place imagery); consider trauma-focused therapy when ready.
Adjustment Disorder
Adjustment Disorder (Stress Reactions) What it is: Emotional/behavioral symptoms after a clear stressor (loss of loved one, changing jobs or roles, move, health issue, etc.) that cause impairment but also might not meet quite enough of the symptoms for other disorders. How it can feel: “I’m not myself since X,” tearful, irritable, overwhelmed, anxious, depressed. Treatment options: Short-term therapy, problem-solving, sleep support; brief meds if needed to target specific symptoms. What you can do now: Name the stressor, set a 30–60-day coping plan, lean on routine and support.
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
What it is: A lifelong pattern of difficulty with attention, organization, and impulse control; many adults were missed as kids as true ADHD symptoms must be present before the age of 12. How it can feel: “I start five things and finish none,” time blindness, procrastination, emotional reactivity, difficulties stay organized, forgetfullness, easily distracted. Treatment options: Medication: Stimulants (methylphenidate/amphetamine families) or non-stimulants (atomoxetine, viloxazine, guanfacine, clonidine, bupropion). Skills: Externalize your brain-calendars, timers, task chunking, making lists. Therapy/Coaching: Executive-function strategies (thinking, processsing and planning), ADHD-friendly workflows. What you can do now: Pick one “keystone” tool (e.g., daily planning timer) and prioritize healthy sleep.
Insomnia
What it is: Trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking unrefreshed, at least 3 nights/week. Why it persists: The brain learns to associate bed with wakefulness (“sleep anxiety”), and irregular schedules keep it stuck. Treatment options: First-line: CBT-I (sleep restriction, stimulus control, circadian cues or reminders to your body about when it is time to be awake or asleep). Medication (short-term): Trazodone, doxepin, melatonin agonists, others as appropriate. What you can do now: Fixed wake time, dark/quiet bedroom, no screens in bed, wind-down routine, caffeine cut-off ~8 hours before bed. (Sleep Hygeine Practices)
Substance Use Disorders
Alcohol Use Disorder What it is: Loss of control over drinking with consequences (sleep, mood, relationships, work). Treatment options: Medications: Naltrexone (reduce reward/craving), acamprosate (support abstinence), disulfiram (deterrent for selected patients). Therapy/Supports: Motivational interviewing, CBT, AA/SMART. Medical safety: Watch for withdrawal risk-sometimes requires medically supervised detox. What you can do now: Track drinks honestly; begin with "cutting back" as stopping "cold turkey" may be too much or depending on level of use dangerous without medical supervision; discuss meds that reduce cravings. Stimulant Use Disorder (cocaine, meth, amphetamines) What it is: Compulsive use despite harm; strong craving; sleep and mood disruption. Treatment options: No FDA-approved meds yet; treatment focuses on contingency management, CBT, recovery supports. Manage co-occurring mental health struggles. What you can do now: Build a trigger-avoidance plan; prioritize sleep repair; consider contingency-based programs. Cannabis Use Disorder What it is: Loss of control with impacts on motivation, memory, anxiety, or sleep. Treatment options: Motivational interviewing, CBT, sleep/anxiety management, taper plans. What you can do now: Track THC dose/frequency; experiment with lower-THC or CBD-balance; set a 30-day reduction goal. Opioid Use Disorder What it is: Dependence on prescription or illicit opioids with withdrawal and loss of control. Treatment options (gold standard): Buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone): Reduces craving and overdose risk. Extended-release naltrexone: Option after full detox. Methadone: Via certified programs. Wraparound care: Therapy, harm reduction, naloxone for overdose reversal. What you can do now: Carry naloxone; never use alone; discuss MAT options - these save lives.
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
What it is: A lifelong pattern of difficulty with attention, organization, and impulse control; many adults were missed as kids as true ADHD symptoms must be present before the age of 12. How it can feel: “I start five things and finish none,” time blindness, procrastination, emotional reactivity, difficulties stay organized, forgetfullness, easily distracted. Treatment options: Medication: Stimulants (methylphenidate/amphetamine families) or non-stimulants (atomoxetine, viloxazine, guanfacine, clonidine, bupropion). Skills: Externalize your brain-calendars, timers, task chunking, making lists. Therapy/Coaching: Executive-function strategies (thinking, processsing and planning), ADHD-friendly workflows. What you can do now: Pick one “keystone” tool (e.g., daily planning timer) and prioritize healthy sleep.
Insomnia
What it is: Trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking unrefreshed, at least 3 nights/week. Why it persists: The brain learns to associate bed with wakefulness (“sleep anxiety”), and irregular schedules keep it stuck. Treatment options: First-line: CBT-I (sleep restriction, stimulus control, circadian cues or reminders to your body about when it is time to be awake or asleep). Medication (short-term): Trazodone, doxepin, melatonin agonists, others as appropriate. What you can do now: Fixed wake time, dark/quiet bedroom, no screens in bed, wind-down routine, caffeine cut-off ~8 hours before bed. (Sleep Hygeine Practices)
Substance Use Disorders
Alcohol Use Disorder What it is: Loss of control over drinking with consequences (sleep, mood, relationships, work). Treatment options: Medications: Naltrexone (reduce reward/craving), acamprosate (support abstinence), disulfiram (deterrent for selected patients). Therapy/Supports: Motivational interviewing, CBT, AA/SMART. Medical safety: Watch for withdrawal risk-sometimes requires medically supervised detox. What you can do now: Track drinks honestly; begin with "cutting back" as stopping "cold turkey" may be too much or depending on level of use dangerous without medical supervision; discuss meds that reduce cravings. Stimulant Use Disorder (cocaine, meth, amphetamines) What it is: Compulsive use despite harm; strong craving; sleep and mood disruption. Treatment options: No FDA-approved meds yet; treatment focuses on contingency management, CBT, recovery supports. Manage co-occurring mental health struggles. What you can do now: Build a trigger-avoidance plan; prioritize sleep repair; consider contingency-based programs. Cannabis Use Disorder What it is: Loss of control with impacts on motivation, memory, anxiety, or sleep. Treatment options: Motivational interviewing, CBT, sleep/anxiety management, taper plans. What you can do now: Track THC dose/frequency; experiment with lower-THC or CBD-balance; set a 30-day reduction goal. Opioid Use Disorder What it is: Dependence on prescription or illicit opioids with withdrawal and loss of control. Treatment options (gold standard): Buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone): Reduces craving and overdose risk. Extended-release naltrexone: Option after full detox. Methadone: Via certified programs. Wraparound care: Therapy, harm reduction, naloxone for overdose reversal. What you can do now: Carry naloxone; never use alone; discuss MAT options - these save lives.
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
What it is: A lifelong pattern of difficulty with attention, organization, and impulse control; many adults were missed as kids as true ADHD symptoms must be present before the age of 12. How it can feel: “I start five things and finish none,” time blindness, procrastination, emotional reactivity, difficulties stay organized, forgetfullness, easily distracted. Treatment options: Medication: Stimulants (methylphenidate/amphetamine families) or non-stimulants (atomoxetine, viloxazine, guanfacine, clonidine, bupropion). Skills: Externalize your brain-calendars, timers, task chunking, making lists. Therapy/Coaching: Executive-function strategies (thinking, processsing and planning), ADHD-friendly workflows. What you can do now: Pick one “keystone” tool (e.g., daily planning timer) and prioritize healthy sleep.
Insomnia
What it is: Trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking unrefreshed, at least 3 nights/week. Why it persists: The brain learns to associate bed with wakefulness (“sleep anxiety”), and irregular schedules keep it stuck. Treatment options: First-line: CBT-I (sleep restriction, stimulus control, circadian cues or reminders to your body about when it is time to be awake or asleep). Medication (short-term): Trazodone, doxepin, melatonin agonists, others as appropriate. What you can do now: Fixed wake time, dark/quiet bedroom, no screens in bed, wind-down routine, caffeine cut-off ~8 hours before bed. (Sleep Hygeine Practices)
Substance Use Disorders
Alcohol Use Disorder What it is: Loss of control over drinking with consequences (sleep, mood, relationships, work). Treatment options: Medications: Naltrexone (reduce reward/craving), acamprosate (support abstinence), disulfiram (deterrent for selected patients). Therapy/Supports: Motivational interviewing, CBT, AA/SMART. Medical safety: Watch for withdrawal risk-sometimes requires medically supervised detox. What you can do now: Track drinks honestly; begin with "cutting back" as stopping "cold turkey" may be too much or depending on level of use dangerous without medical supervision; discuss meds that reduce cravings. Stimulant Use Disorder (cocaine, meth, amphetamines) What it is: Compulsive use despite harm; strong craving; sleep and mood disruption. Treatment options: No FDA-approved meds yet; treatment focuses on contingency management, CBT, recovery supports. Manage co-occurring mental health struggles. What you can do now: Build a trigger-avoidance plan; prioritize sleep repair; consider contingency-based programs. Cannabis Use Disorder What it is: Loss of control with impacts on motivation, memory, anxiety, or sleep. Treatment options: Motivational interviewing, CBT, sleep/anxiety management, taper plans. What you can do now: Track THC dose/frequency; experiment with lower-THC or CBD-balance; set a 30-day reduction goal. Opioid Use Disorder What it is: Dependence on prescription or illicit opioids with withdrawal and loss of control. Treatment options (gold standard): Buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone): Reduces craving and overdose risk. Extended-release naltrexone: Option after full detox. Methadone: Via certified programs. Wraparound care: Therapy, harm reduction, naloxone for overdose reversal. What you can do now: Carry naloxone; never use alone; discuss MAT options - these save lives.
Schizophrenia & Schizoaffective Disorder
What it is: Conditions affecting perception and thinking (hallucinations, delusions), often with cognitive (thinking) and mood changes. How it can feel: Hearing Voices or seeing things that other people don't. Having fixed beliefs others don’t share that may not be in line with reality; social withdrawal; decreased drive and decreased hygiene. Difficulty organizing thoughts. Treatment options: Medication: Antipsychotics (choice based on benefits/side effects). Therapy/Rehab: Skills for reality testing, social and vocational support. Whole-health: Sleep, substance reduction, metabolic monitoring, in some cases dietary intervention. What you can do now: Keep a medication/side-effect log; bring a trusted support person to visits; plan for early signs of relapse.
Eating Disorders
What they are Eating disorders are illnesses where thoughts and behaviors around food, weight, or body image become so strong that they start to take over daily life. They’re not about vanity or willpower but are often ways people cope with stress, emotion, or a need for control that, over time, harm the body and mind. Everyone eats to regulate feelings sometimes. In eating disorders, that pattern becomes rigid: food, weight, or exercise rules start to dictate mood, self-worth, and relationships. These are medical and psychological conditions, not lifestyle choices. Main types Anorexia Nervosa What happens: Intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image lead to restriction of food, excessive exercise, or both. Common signs: Severe calorie restriction, dramatic weight loss, preoccupation with food/calories, feeling “fat” despite being underweight, not being able to tolerate the cold, loss of periods in women, fatigue, hair loss, low blood pressure. Why it’s dangerous: Starvation affects the heart, bones, and hormones and can be life-threatening. Treatment: Nutritional rehabilitation and weight restoration are the medical priority. Therapy (especially Family-Based Treatment for teens and CBT-E for adults) addresses the thoughts behind the behaviors. Medications can help anxiety, depression, and obsessive thinking. Bulimia Nervosa What happens: Cycles of binge eating (eating large amounts while feeling out of control) followed by compensatory behaviors such as vomiting, laxatives, fasting, or over-exercise. Common signs: Normal or fluctuating weight, frequent bathroom trips after meals, dental enamel loss (due to vomiting), sore throat, bloating, guilt/shame about eating. Health risks: Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, heart rhythm changes, gastrointestinal injury. Treatment: Therapy to break the binge-purge cycle (CBT-E, DBT) plus SSRI antidepressants (fluoxetine is FDA-approved). Medical monitoring of electrolytes and heart health is essential. Binge-Eating Disorder (BED) What happens: Recurrent episodes of eating large amounts rapidly, often alone or when not physically hungry, followed by guilt or distress but without purging or restriction afterward. Common signs: Eating until uncomfortably full, secretive eating, shame about food habits, frequent dieting or weight cycling. Treatment: CBT-E, interpersonal therapy, or structured meal plans; medications such as lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse) or certain antidepressants can help reduce binge frequency. Other or Unspecified Patterns Many people don’t fit neatly into one category - they might alternate restriction and bingeing, over-exercise, or use “clean eating” rules rigidly. Clinicians call this OSFED (Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder); it can be just as serious as the named types. Why eating disorders happen There’s rarely one cause. Genetics, perfectionism, trauma, cultural pressure, and early dieting experiences can all contribute. Stress or major life transitions often trigger the first episode. Biology then reinforces the cycle: malnutrition worsens anxiety and rigidity, making recovery harder without help. Treatment approach Team-based care: psychiatrist, therapist, dietitian, and primary-care clinician working together. Goals: restore nutrition and medical safety → reduce disordered behaviors → address body image and emotional regulation. Medication: SSRIs or other antidepressants for anxiety/depression; stimulants or topiramate may be considered in binge-eating disorder; Therapy: CBT-E, DBT, ACT, or family-based treatment depending on age and type. Medical monitoring: labs, ECG, bone health, weight, and vital signs. Recovery outlook Recovery is possible at any age. Early treatment gives the best outcomes, but even long-standing illness can improve with a structured plan. Setbacks happen; progress looks like increasing flexibility, not perfection. Many people go on to live full, healthy lives. If you or someone you love is struggling Seek evaluation sooner rather than later -physical risks can sneak up even when weight looks “normal.” If fainting, chest pain, vomiting blood, or severe restriction occur, go to an emergency department or call 911. For urgent emotional support, call 988 (U.S.) or reach out to the NEDA Helpline (1-800-931-2237, text “NEDA” to 741741).
Personality and Personality "Disorders"
What “personality” means Your personality is the unique pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that shape how you see the world and relate to others. It develops from a blend of genetics, temperament, and life experience. Everyone has a mix of traits - for example, some people are more cautious, others more impulsive or outgoing. These traits are normal and often helpful. When traits become a disorder: A personality disorder is when certain traits become so rigid or intense that they cause significant distress or problems in relationships, work, or self-image. It isn’t about being “bad” or “broken” - it’s about patterns that once helped a person cope but now interfere with life. Common signs personality patterns are creating problems Frequent, intense conflicts or unstable relationships Strong, rapidly changing emotions Fear of abandonment or rejection Impulsive or self-destructive behaviors Chronic feelings of emptiness, anger, or mistrust Rigid perfectionism or need for control How these are grouped Clinicians describe personality disorders in three general clusters: Cluster A (“odd or eccentric”) – paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal patterns Cluster B (“dramatic or emotional”) – borderline, narcissistic, histrionic, antisocial traits Cluster C (“anxious or fearful”) – avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive personality patterns Most people don’t fit neatly into one label - traits can overlap. Many simply have personality traits that cause stress but not full disorders. Treatment and hope Therapy is the cornerstone: especially Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), schema therapy, and psychodynamic approaches. Medication can help target symptoms such as mood swings, anxiety, or irritability, but it doesn’t “change personality.” Progress looks like gaining emotional balance, building healthy boundaries, and improving relationships - often over months to years of steady work. Take-home message: Everyone has personality traits; when they start causing more pain than protection, treatment can help people build flexibility and self-understanding instead of self-blame.
Schizophrenia & Schizoaffective Disorder
What it is: Conditions affecting perception and thinking (hallucinations, delusions), often with cognitive (thinking) and mood changes. How it can feel: Hearing Voices or seeing things that other people don't. Having fixed beliefs others don’t share that may not be in line with reality; social withdrawal; decreased drive and decreased hygiene. Difficulty organizing thoughts. Treatment options: Medication: Antipsychotics (choice based on benefits/side effects). Therapy/Rehab: Skills for reality testing, social and vocational support. Whole-health: Sleep, substance reduction, metabolic monitoring, in some cases dietary intervention. What you can do now: Keep a medication/side-effect log; bring a trusted support person to visits; plan for early signs of relapse.
Eating Disorders
What they are Eating disorders are illnesses where thoughts and behaviors around food, weight, or body image become so strong that they start to take over daily life. They’re not about vanity or willpower but are often ways people cope with stress, emotion, or a need for control that, over time, harm the body and mind. Everyone eats to regulate feelings sometimes. In eating disorders, that pattern becomes rigid: food, weight, or exercise rules start to dictate mood, self-worth, and relationships. These are medical and psychological conditions, not lifestyle choices. Main types Anorexia Nervosa What happens: Intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image lead to restriction of food, excessive exercise, or both. Common signs: Severe calorie restriction, dramatic weight loss, preoccupation with food/calories, feeling “fat” despite being underweight, not being able to tolerate the cold, loss of periods in women, fatigue, hair loss, low blood pressure. Why it’s dangerous: Starvation affects the heart, bones, and hormones and can be life-threatening. Treatment: Nutritional rehabilitation and weight restoration are the medical priority. Therapy (especially Family-Based Treatment for teens and CBT-E for adults) addresses the thoughts behind the behaviors. Medications can help anxiety, depression, and obsessive thinking. Bulimia Nervosa What happens: Cycles of binge eating (eating large amounts while feeling out of control) followed by compensatory behaviors such as vomiting, laxatives, fasting, or over-exercise. Common signs: Normal or fluctuating weight, frequent bathroom trips after meals, dental enamel loss (due to vomiting), sore throat, bloating, guilt/shame about eating. Health risks: Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, heart rhythm changes, gastrointestinal injury. Treatment: Therapy to break the binge-purge cycle (CBT-E, DBT) plus SSRI antidepressants (fluoxetine is FDA-approved). Medical monitoring of electrolytes and heart health is essential. Binge-Eating Disorder (BED) What happens: Recurrent episodes of eating large amounts rapidly, often alone or when not physically hungry, followed by guilt or distress but without purging or restriction afterward. Common signs: Eating until uncomfortably full, secretive eating, shame about food habits, frequent dieting or weight cycling. Treatment: CBT-E, interpersonal therapy, or structured meal plans; medications such as lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse) or certain antidepressants can help reduce binge frequency. Other or Unspecified Patterns Many people don’t fit neatly into one category - they might alternate restriction and bingeing, over-exercise, or use “clean eating” rules rigidly. Clinicians call this OSFED (Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder); it can be just as serious as the named types. Why eating disorders happen There’s rarely one cause. Genetics, perfectionism, trauma, cultural pressure, and early dieting experiences can all contribute. Stress or major life transitions often trigger the first episode. Biology then reinforces the cycle: malnutrition worsens anxiety and rigidity, making recovery harder without help. Treatment approach Team-based care: psychiatrist, therapist, dietitian, and primary-care clinician working together. Goals: restore nutrition and medical safety → reduce disordered behaviors → address body image and emotional regulation. Medication: SSRIs or other antidepressants for anxiety/depression; stimulants or topiramate may be considered in binge-eating disorder; Therapy: CBT-E, DBT, ACT, or family-based treatment depending on age and type. Medical monitoring: labs, ECG, bone health, weight, and vital signs. Recovery outlook Recovery is possible at any age. Early treatment gives the best outcomes, but even long-standing illness can improve with a structured plan. Setbacks happen; progress looks like increasing flexibility, not perfection. Many people go on to live full, healthy lives. If you or someone you love is struggling Seek evaluation sooner rather than later -physical risks can sneak up even when weight looks “normal.” If fainting, chest pain, vomiting blood, or severe restriction occur, go to an emergency department or call 911. For urgent emotional support, call 988 (U.S.) or reach out to the NEDA Helpline (1-800-931-2237, text “NEDA” to 741741).
Personality and Personality "Disorders"
What “personality” means Your personality is the unique pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that shape how you see the world and relate to others. It develops from a blend of genetics, temperament, and life experience. Everyone has a mix of traits - for example, some people are more cautious, others more impulsive or outgoing. These traits are normal and often helpful. When traits become a disorder: A personality disorder is when certain traits become so rigid or intense that they cause significant distress or problems in relationships, work, or self-image. It isn’t about being “bad” or “broken” - it’s about patterns that once helped a person cope but now interfere with life. Common signs personality patterns are creating problems Frequent, intense conflicts or unstable relationships Strong, rapidly changing emotions Fear of abandonment or rejection Impulsive or self-destructive behaviors Chronic feelings of emptiness, anger, or mistrust Rigid perfectionism or need for control How these are grouped Clinicians describe personality disorders in three general clusters: Cluster A (“odd or eccentric”) – paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal patterns Cluster B (“dramatic or emotional”) – borderline, narcissistic, histrionic, antisocial traits Cluster C (“anxious or fearful”) – avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive personality patterns Most people don’t fit neatly into one label - traits can overlap. Many simply have personality traits that cause stress but not full disorders. Treatment and hope Therapy is the cornerstone: especially Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), schema therapy, and psychodynamic approaches. Medication can help target symptoms such as mood swings, anxiety, or irritability, but it doesn’t “change personality.” Progress looks like gaining emotional balance, building healthy boundaries, and improving relationships - often over months to years of steady work. Take-home message: Everyone has personality traits; when they start causing more pain than protection, treatment can help people build flexibility and self-understanding instead of self-blame.
Schizophrenia & Schizoaffective Disorder
What it is: Conditions affecting perception and thinking (hallucinations, delusions), often with cognitive (thinking) and mood changes. How it can feel: Hearing Voices or seeing things that other people don't. Having fixed beliefs others don’t share that may not be in line with reality; social withdrawal; decreased drive and decreased hygiene. Difficulty organizing thoughts. Treatment options: Medication: Antipsychotics (choice based on benefits/side effects). Therapy/Rehab: Skills for reality testing, social and vocational support. Whole-health: Sleep, substance reduction, metabolic monitoring, in some cases dietary intervention. What you can do now: Keep a medication/side-effect log; bring a trusted support person to visits; plan for early signs of relapse.
Eating Disorders
What they are Eating disorders are illnesses where thoughts and behaviors around food, weight, or body image become so strong that they start to take over daily life. They’re not about vanity or willpower but are often ways people cope with stress, emotion, or a need for control that, over time, harm the body and mind. Everyone eats to regulate feelings sometimes. In eating disorders, that pattern becomes rigid: food, weight, or exercise rules start to dictate mood, self-worth, and relationships. These are medical and psychological conditions, not lifestyle choices. Main types Anorexia Nervosa What happens: Intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image lead to restriction of food, excessive exercise, or both. Common signs: Severe calorie restriction, dramatic weight loss, preoccupation with food/calories, feeling “fat” despite being underweight, not being able to tolerate the cold, loss of periods in women, fatigue, hair loss, low blood pressure. Why it’s dangerous: Starvation affects the heart, bones, and hormones and can be life-threatening. Treatment: Nutritional rehabilitation and weight restoration are the medical priority. Therapy (especially Family-Based Treatment for teens and CBT-E for adults) addresses the thoughts behind the behaviors. Medications can help anxiety, depression, and obsessive thinking. Bulimia Nervosa What happens: Cycles of binge eating (eating large amounts while feeling out of control) followed by compensatory behaviors such as vomiting, laxatives, fasting, or over-exercise. Common signs: Normal or fluctuating weight, frequent bathroom trips after meals, dental enamel loss (due to vomiting), sore throat, bloating, guilt/shame about eating. Health risks: Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, heart rhythm changes, gastrointestinal injury. Treatment: Therapy to break the binge-purge cycle (CBT-E, DBT) plus SSRI antidepressants (fluoxetine is FDA-approved). Medical monitoring of electrolytes and heart health is essential. Binge-Eating Disorder (BED) What happens: Recurrent episodes of eating large amounts rapidly, often alone or when not physically hungry, followed by guilt or distress but without purging or restriction afterward. Common signs: Eating until uncomfortably full, secretive eating, shame about food habits, frequent dieting or weight cycling. Treatment: CBT-E, interpersonal therapy, or structured meal plans; medications such as lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse) or certain antidepressants can help reduce binge frequency. Other or Unspecified Patterns Many people don’t fit neatly into one category - they might alternate restriction and bingeing, over-exercise, or use “clean eating” rules rigidly. Clinicians call this OSFED (Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder); it can be just as serious as the named types. Why eating disorders happen There’s rarely one cause. Genetics, perfectionism, trauma, cultural pressure, and early dieting experiences can all contribute. Stress or major life transitions often trigger the first episode. Biology then reinforces the cycle: malnutrition worsens anxiety and rigidity, making recovery harder without help. Treatment approach Team-based care: psychiatrist, therapist, dietitian, and primary-care clinician working together. Goals: restore nutrition and medical safety → reduce disordered behaviors → address body image and emotional regulation. Medication: SSRIs or other antidepressants for anxiety/depression; stimulants or topiramate may be considered in binge-eating disorder; Therapy: CBT-E, DBT, ACT, or family-based treatment depending on age and type. Medical monitoring: labs, ECG, bone health, weight, and vital signs. Recovery outlook Recovery is possible at any age. Early treatment gives the best outcomes, but even long-standing illness can improve with a structured plan. Setbacks happen; progress looks like increasing flexibility, not perfection. Many people go on to live full, healthy lives. If you or someone you love is struggling Seek evaluation sooner rather than later -physical risks can sneak up even when weight looks “normal.” If fainting, chest pain, vomiting blood, or severe restriction occur, go to an emergency department or call 911. For urgent emotional support, call 988 (U.S.) or reach out to the NEDA Helpline (1-800-931-2237, text “NEDA” to 741741).
Personality and Personality "Disorders"
What “personality” means Your personality is the unique pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that shape how you see the world and relate to others. It develops from a blend of genetics, temperament, and life experience. Everyone has a mix of traits - for example, some people are more cautious, others more impulsive or outgoing. These traits are normal and often helpful. When traits become a disorder: A personality disorder is when certain traits become so rigid or intense that they cause significant distress or problems in relationships, work, or self-image. It isn’t about being “bad” or “broken” - it’s about patterns that once helped a person cope but now interfere with life. Common signs personality patterns are creating problems Frequent, intense conflicts or unstable relationships Strong, rapidly changing emotions Fear of abandonment or rejection Impulsive or self-destructive behaviors Chronic feelings of emptiness, anger, or mistrust Rigid perfectionism or need for control How these are grouped Clinicians describe personality disorders in three general clusters: Cluster A (“odd or eccentric”) – paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal patterns Cluster B (“dramatic or emotional”) – borderline, narcissistic, histrionic, antisocial traits Cluster C (“anxious or fearful”) – avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive personality patterns Most people don’t fit neatly into one label - traits can overlap. Many simply have personality traits that cause stress but not full disorders. Treatment and hope Therapy is the cornerstone: especially Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), schema therapy, and psychodynamic approaches. Medication can help target symptoms such as mood swings, anxiety, or irritability, but it doesn’t “change personality.” Progress looks like gaining emotional balance, building healthy boundaries, and improving relationships - often over months to years of steady work. Take-home message: Everyone has personality traits; when they start causing more pain than protection, treatment can help people build flexibility and self-understanding instead of self-blame.
Medications
Antidepressants
What they do Antidepressants help rebalance brain chemicals that influence mood, anxiety, motivation, and sleep. They’re used not just for depression, but also anxiety, OCD, PTSD, and panic disorder. Common classes and examples SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors): Sertraline (Zoloft), Escitalopram (Lexapro), Fluoxetine (Prozac), Paroxetine (Paxil), Fluvoxamine (Luvox) SNRIs (Serotonin–Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors): Venlafaxine (Effexor), Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq), Duloxetine (Cymbalta) Atypical Antidepressants: Bupropion (Wellbutrin), Mirtazapine (Remeron), Vilazodone (Viibryd), Vortioxetine (Trintellix) Tricyclics / MAOIs: Older meds rarely used first-line but sometimes effective in treatment-resistant cases. How they’re used Taken daily. They work gradually mood improvement can take 4–6 weeks, though sleep or appetite may change sooner. Often continued for at least 6–12 months after improvement to prevent relapse. Common experiences Mild nausea, headaches, or jitteriness in the first weeks (often fade) Sexual side effects or delayed orgasm (discussable and manageable) Some cause drowsiness (paroxetine, mirtazapine); others are more energizing (fluoxetine, bupropion) Key tips Don’t stop suddenly tapering is important to avoid withdrawal-like symptoms. Consistency matters more than time of day. If no response after 6–8 weeks, your clinician may increase dose, switch or add medications.
Mood Stabilizers
What they do These medications are used to prevent manic or depressive relapses in bipolar disorder, but are sometimes used as adjuncts (add on medications that boost treatment effect) for other conditions. Common examples Lithium: Classic mood stabilizer; reduces mania and suicide risk; requires blood-level and kidney/thyroid monitoring. Lamotrigine (Lamictal): Prevents bipolar depression; generally well-tolerated but must be titrated slowly to avoid severe reaction (Steven Johnson syndrome) Valproate (Depakote): Effective for mania and sometimes anger; monitor liver function, weight, and metabolic health. Carbamazepine (Tegretol): Used for manic or mixed episodes; check sodium and liver function. What to expect Effects build over 1–3 weeks. Some require routine blood work (lithium, valproate, carbamazepine). Hydration and steady salt intake matter with lithium. Weight or fatigue can occur; dose and formulation adjustments often help. Key tips Never stop suddenly without medical guidance - relapse risk is high. Report tremor, severe thirst, rash, or confusion promptly. Pair with consistent sleep and substance moderation for best stability.
Anti-Anxiety Medications (Anxiolytics)
What they do Reduce physical tension, worry, and panic. Used for generalized anxiety, panic disorder, and situational stress. Common classes and examples Non-sedating daily options: SSRIs, SNRIs, Buspirone Short-acting relief: Hydroxyzine (Vistaril), Gabapentin, Propranolol Benzodiazepines (short-term only): Lorazepam (Ativan), Clonazepam (Klonopin), Alprazolam (Xanax) - used sparingly due to dependence and tolerance risk. How they’re used Non-sedating medications are taken daily; others are used “as needed” for acute anxiety or performance events. What to expect Buspirone takes 2–4 weeks for effect. Hydroxyzine or propranolol work within an hour. Benzodiazepiness act fast but can cause sedation and require careful limits. Key tips Avoid mixing with alcohol or opioids - dangerous sedation. Reserve “as-needed” meds for true peaks of anxiety, not daily baseline. Use relaxation and breathing skills alongside medication.
Antidepressants
What they do Antidepressants help rebalance brain chemicals that influence mood, anxiety, motivation, and sleep. They’re used not just for depression, but also anxiety, OCD, PTSD, and panic disorder. Common classes and examples SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors): Sertraline (Zoloft), Escitalopram (Lexapro), Fluoxetine (Prozac), Paroxetine (Paxil), Fluvoxamine (Luvox) SNRIs (Serotonin–Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors): Venlafaxine (Effexor), Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq), Duloxetine (Cymbalta) Atypical Antidepressants: Bupropion (Wellbutrin), Mirtazapine (Remeron), Vilazodone (Viibryd), Vortioxetine (Trintellix) Tricyclics / MAOIs: Older meds rarely used first-line but sometimes effective in treatment-resistant cases. How they’re used Taken daily. They work gradually mood improvement can take 4–6 weeks, though sleep or appetite may change sooner. Often continued for at least 6–12 months after improvement to prevent relapse. Common experiences Mild nausea, headaches, or jitteriness in the first weeks (often fade) Sexual side effects or delayed orgasm (discussable and manageable) Some cause drowsiness (paroxetine, mirtazapine); others are more energizing (fluoxetine, bupropion) Key tips Don’t stop suddenly tapering is important to avoid withdrawal-like symptoms. Consistency matters more than time of day. If no response after 6–8 weeks, your clinician may increase dose, switch or add medications.
Mood Stabilizers
What they do These medications are used to prevent manic or depressive relapses in bipolar disorder, but are sometimes used as adjuncts (add on medications that boost treatment effect) for other conditions. Common examples Lithium: Classic mood stabilizer; reduces mania and suicide risk; requires blood-level and kidney/thyroid monitoring. Lamotrigine (Lamictal): Prevents bipolar depression; generally well-tolerated but must be titrated slowly to avoid severe reaction (Steven Johnson syndrome) Valproate (Depakote): Effective for mania and sometimes anger; monitor liver function, weight, and metabolic health. Carbamazepine (Tegretol): Used for manic or mixed episodes; check sodium and liver function. What to expect Effects build over 1–3 weeks. Some require routine blood work (lithium, valproate, carbamazepine). Hydration and steady salt intake matter with lithium. Weight or fatigue can occur; dose and formulation adjustments often help. Key tips Never stop suddenly without medical guidance - relapse risk is high. Report tremor, severe thirst, rash, or confusion promptly. Pair with consistent sleep and substance moderation for best stability.
Anti-Anxiety Medications (Anxiolytics)
What they do Reduce physical tension, worry, and panic. Used for generalized anxiety, panic disorder, and situational stress. Common classes and examples Non-sedating daily options: SSRIs, SNRIs, Buspirone Short-acting relief: Hydroxyzine (Vistaril), Gabapentin, Propranolol Benzodiazepines (short-term only): Lorazepam (Ativan), Clonazepam (Klonopin), Alprazolam (Xanax) - used sparingly due to dependence and tolerance risk. How they’re used Non-sedating medications are taken daily; others are used “as needed” for acute anxiety or performance events. What to expect Buspirone takes 2–4 weeks for effect. Hydroxyzine or propranolol work within an hour. Benzodiazepiness act fast but can cause sedation and require careful limits. Key tips Avoid mixing with alcohol or opioids - dangerous sedation. Reserve “as-needed” meds for true peaks of anxiety, not daily baseline. Use relaxation and breathing skills alongside medication.
Antidepressants
What they do Antidepressants help rebalance brain chemicals that influence mood, anxiety, motivation, and sleep. They’re used not just for depression, but also anxiety, OCD, PTSD, and panic disorder. Common classes and examples SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors): Sertraline (Zoloft), Escitalopram (Lexapro), Fluoxetine (Prozac), Paroxetine (Paxil), Fluvoxamine (Luvox) SNRIs (Serotonin–Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors): Venlafaxine (Effexor), Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq), Duloxetine (Cymbalta) Atypical Antidepressants: Bupropion (Wellbutrin), Mirtazapine (Remeron), Vilazodone (Viibryd), Vortioxetine (Trintellix) Tricyclics / MAOIs: Older meds rarely used first-line but sometimes effective in treatment-resistant cases. How they’re used Taken daily. They work gradually mood improvement can take 4–6 weeks, though sleep or appetite may change sooner. Often continued for at least 6–12 months after improvement to prevent relapse. Common experiences Mild nausea, headaches, or jitteriness in the first weeks (often fade) Sexual side effects or delayed orgasm (discussable and manageable) Some cause drowsiness (paroxetine, mirtazapine); others are more energizing (fluoxetine, bupropion) Key tips Don’t stop suddenly tapering is important to avoid withdrawal-like symptoms. Consistency matters more than time of day. If no response after 6–8 weeks, your clinician may increase dose, switch or add medications.
Mood Stabilizers
What they do These medications are used to prevent manic or depressive relapses in bipolar disorder, but are sometimes used as adjuncts (add on medications that boost treatment effect) for other conditions. Common examples Lithium: Classic mood stabilizer; reduces mania and suicide risk; requires blood-level and kidney/thyroid monitoring. Lamotrigine (Lamictal): Prevents bipolar depression; generally well-tolerated but must be titrated slowly to avoid severe reaction (Steven Johnson syndrome) Valproate (Depakote): Effective for mania and sometimes anger; monitor liver function, weight, and metabolic health. Carbamazepine (Tegretol): Used for manic or mixed episodes; check sodium and liver function. What to expect Effects build over 1–3 weeks. Some require routine blood work (lithium, valproate, carbamazepine). Hydration and steady salt intake matter with lithium. Weight or fatigue can occur; dose and formulation adjustments often help. Key tips Never stop suddenly without medical guidance - relapse risk is high. Report tremor, severe thirst, rash, or confusion promptly. Pair with consistent sleep and substance moderation for best stability.
Anti-Anxiety Medications (Anxiolytics)
What they do Reduce physical tension, worry, and panic. Used for generalized anxiety, panic disorder, and situational stress. Common classes and examples Non-sedating daily options: SSRIs, SNRIs, Buspirone Short-acting relief: Hydroxyzine (Vistaril), Gabapentin, Propranolol Benzodiazepines (short-term only): Lorazepam (Ativan), Clonazepam (Klonopin), Alprazolam (Xanax) - used sparingly due to dependence and tolerance risk. How they’re used Non-sedating medications are taken daily; others are used “as needed” for acute anxiety or performance events. What to expect Buspirone takes 2–4 weeks for effect. Hydroxyzine or propranolol work within an hour. Benzodiazepiness act fast but can cause sedation and require careful limits. Key tips Avoid mixing with alcohol or opioids - dangerous sedation. Reserve “as-needed” meds for true peaks of anxiety, not daily baseline. Use relaxation and breathing skills alongside medication.
Antidepressants
What they do Antidepressants help rebalance brain chemicals that influence mood, anxiety, motivation, and sleep. They’re used not just for depression, but also anxiety, OCD, PTSD, and panic disorder. Common classes and examples SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors): Sertraline (Zoloft), Escitalopram (Lexapro), Fluoxetine (Prozac), Paroxetine (Paxil), Fluvoxamine (Luvox) SNRIs (Serotonin–Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors): Venlafaxine (Effexor), Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq), Duloxetine (Cymbalta) Atypical Antidepressants: Bupropion (Wellbutrin), Mirtazapine (Remeron), Vilazodone (Viibryd), Vortioxetine (Trintellix) Tricyclics / MAOIs: Older meds rarely used first-line but sometimes effective in treatment-resistant cases. How they’re used Taken daily. They work gradually mood improvement can take 4–6 weeks, though sleep or appetite may change sooner. Often continued for at least 6–12 months after improvement to prevent relapse. Common experiences Mild nausea, headaches, or jitteriness in the first weeks (often fade) Sexual side effects or delayed orgasm (discussable and manageable) Some cause drowsiness (paroxetine, mirtazapine); others are more energizing (fluoxetine, bupropion) Key tips Don’t stop suddenly tapering is important to avoid withdrawal-like symptoms. Consistency matters more than time of day. If no response after 6–8 weeks, your clinician may increase dose, switch or add medications.
Mood Stabilizers
What they do These medications are used to prevent manic or depressive relapses in bipolar disorder, but are sometimes used as adjuncts (add on medications that boost treatment effect) for other conditions. Common examples Lithium: Classic mood stabilizer; reduces mania and suicide risk; requires blood-level and kidney/thyroid monitoring. Lamotrigine (Lamictal): Prevents bipolar depression; generally well-tolerated but must be titrated slowly to avoid severe reaction (Steven Johnson syndrome) Valproate (Depakote): Effective for mania and sometimes anger; monitor liver function, weight, and metabolic health. Carbamazepine (Tegretol): Used for manic or mixed episodes; check sodium and liver function. What to expect Effects build over 1–3 weeks. Some require routine blood work (lithium, valproate, carbamazepine). Hydration and steady salt intake matter with lithium. Weight or fatigue can occur; dose and formulation adjustments often help. Key tips Never stop suddenly without medical guidance - relapse risk is high. Report tremor, severe thirst, rash, or confusion promptly. Pair with consistent sleep and substance moderation for best stability.
Anti-Anxiety Medications (Anxiolytics)
What they do Reduce physical tension, worry, and panic. Used for generalized anxiety, panic disorder, and situational stress. Common classes and examples Non-sedating daily options: SSRIs, SNRIs, Buspirone Short-acting relief: Hydroxyzine (Vistaril), Gabapentin, Propranolol Benzodiazepines (short-term only): Lorazepam (Ativan), Clonazepam (Klonopin), Alprazolam (Xanax) - used sparingly due to dependence and tolerance risk. How they’re used Non-sedating medications are taken daily; others are used “as needed” for acute anxiety or performance events. What to expect Buspirone takes 2–4 weeks for effect. Hydroxyzine or propranolol work within an hour. Benzodiazepiness act fast but can cause sedation and require careful limits. Key tips Avoid mixing with alcohol or opioids - dangerous sedation. Reserve “as-needed” meds for true peaks of anxiety, not daily baseline. Use relaxation and breathing skills alongside medication.
Antidepressants
What they do Antidepressants help rebalance brain chemicals that influence mood, anxiety, motivation, and sleep. They’re used not just for depression, but also anxiety, OCD, PTSD, and panic disorder. Common classes and examples SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors): Sertraline (Zoloft), Escitalopram (Lexapro), Fluoxetine (Prozac), Paroxetine (Paxil), Fluvoxamine (Luvox) SNRIs (Serotonin–Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors): Venlafaxine (Effexor), Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq), Duloxetine (Cymbalta) Atypical Antidepressants: Bupropion (Wellbutrin), Mirtazapine (Remeron), Vilazodone (Viibryd), Vortioxetine (Trintellix) Tricyclics / MAOIs: Older meds rarely used first-line but sometimes effective in treatment-resistant cases. How they’re used Taken daily. They work gradually mood improvement can take 4–6 weeks, though sleep or appetite may change sooner. Often continued for at least 6–12 months after improvement to prevent relapse. Common experiences Mild nausea, headaches, or jitteriness in the first weeks (often fade) Sexual side effects or delayed orgasm (discussable and manageable) Some cause drowsiness (paroxetine, mirtazapine); others are more energizing (fluoxetine, bupropion) Key tips Don’t stop suddenly tapering is important to avoid withdrawal-like symptoms. Consistency matters more than time of day. If no response after 6–8 weeks, your clinician may increase dose, switch or add medications.
Mood Stabilizers
What they do These medications are used to prevent manic or depressive relapses in bipolar disorder, but are sometimes used as adjuncts (add on medications that boost treatment effect) for other conditions. Common examples Lithium: Classic mood stabilizer; reduces mania and suicide risk; requires blood-level and kidney/thyroid monitoring. Lamotrigine (Lamictal): Prevents bipolar depression; generally well-tolerated but must be titrated slowly to avoid severe reaction (Steven Johnson syndrome) Valproate (Depakote): Effective for mania and sometimes anger; monitor liver function, weight, and metabolic health. Carbamazepine (Tegretol): Used for manic or mixed episodes; check sodium and liver function. What to expect Effects build over 1–3 weeks. Some require routine blood work (lithium, valproate, carbamazepine). Hydration and steady salt intake matter with lithium. Weight or fatigue can occur; dose and formulation adjustments often help. Key tips Never stop suddenly without medical guidance - relapse risk is high. Report tremor, severe thirst, rash, or confusion promptly. Pair with consistent sleep and substance moderation for best stability.
Anti-Anxiety Medications (Anxiolytics)
What they do Reduce physical tension, worry, and panic. Used for generalized anxiety, panic disorder, and situational stress. Common classes and examples Non-sedating daily options: SSRIs, SNRIs, Buspirone Short-acting relief: Hydroxyzine (Vistaril), Gabapentin, Propranolol Benzodiazepines (short-term only): Lorazepam (Ativan), Clonazepam (Klonopin), Alprazolam (Xanax) - used sparingly due to dependence and tolerance risk. How they’re used Non-sedating medications are taken daily; others are used “as needed” for acute anxiety or performance events. What to expect Buspirone takes 2–4 weeks for effect. Hydroxyzine or propranolol work within an hour. Benzodiazepiness act fast but can cause sedation and require careful limits. Key tips Avoid mixing with alcohol or opioids - dangerous sedation. Reserve “as-needed” meds for true peaks of anxiety, not daily baseline. Use relaxation and breathing skills alongside medication.
Antipsychotics
What they do Balance dopamine and serotonin pathways in the brain to reduce hallucinations, delusions, mood instability, and irritability. Also used as add-ons for depression, bipolar disorder, and severe anxiety. Common examples Aripiprazole (Abilify) Quetiapine (Seroquel) Risperidone (Risperdal) Olanzapine (Zyprexa) Lurasidone (Latuda) Ziprasidone (Geodon) Cariprazine (Vraylar) Clozapine (Clozaril) - for treatment-resistant schizophrenia; requires blood monitoring. How they’re used Taken daily or occasionally as long-acting injections (monthly or longer). Effects build gradually -psychotic symptoms improve over days to weeks or even months on a medication, mood stabilization may take weeks to months. Common side effects Drowsiness, dry mouth, or restlessness Weight or metabolic changes (especially olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine) Rare: muscle stiffness, tremor (shakiness), or tardive dyskinesia (abnormal movements) Routine labs monitor weight, glucose, and cholesterol. Key tips Maintain steady schedule and sleep; dose timing can minimize sedation. Notify your clinician about involuntary movements, high thirst, or significant weight gain early. Don’t self-stop - withdrawal or relapse risk can occur.
ADHD Medications
What they do Enhance dopamine and norepinephrine signaling in the brain to improve focus, organization, and impulse control. Common types Stimulants Methylphenidate family: Ritalin, Concerta, Focalin Amphetamine family: Adderall, Vyvanse, Dexedrine Non-stimulants Atomoxetine (Strattera) & Qelbree - builds gradually; no abuse potential Guanfacine ER (Intuniv), Clonidine ER (Kapvay) calming, good for hyperactivity/impulsivity How they’re used Usually once daily in morning. Stimulants act within an hour and wear off by evening. Non-stimulants take 2-4 weeks for full benefit. What to expect Improved concentration and task completion; appetite or sleep changes possible. Short-term mild jitteriness or dry mouth common. Can see potential increase in anxiety or anger as well.
Sleep Medications
What they do Support better sleep onset or maintenance. Best combined with CBT-I and lifestyle work -medication alone rarely fixes chronic insomnia. Common examples Trazodone - antidepressant that is sedating at low doses Doxepin (low-dose) - effective for middle-of-night awakenings Melatonin receptor agonists: Ramelteon (Rozerem) Hydroxyzine - calming antihistamine Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics: Zolpidem (Ambien), Eszopiclone (Lunesta) - short-term only What to expect Improved sleep onset or fewer awakenings. Some grogginess or vivid dreams may occur. Key tips Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest time. Avoid alcohol and driving soon after taking. Keep consistent sleep/wake times even on weekends.
Substance Use Treatment Medications
Alcohol Use Disorder Naltrexone (Revia, Vivitrol): Reduces pleasure/craving associated with alcohol. Acamprosate (Campral): Eases post-withdrawal anxiety and insomnia. Disulfiram (Antabuse): Causes unpleasant reaction if alcohol is consumed (used rarely). Opioid Use Disorder Buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone, Zubsolv, Sublocade): Partial opioid agonist; reduces craving and prevents withdrawal safely, also prevents abuse of opiates while on medication as it blocks other opiates from being active in your body. Naltrexone (Vivitrol injection): Non-opioid blocker, prevents relapse once detoxed. Methadone: Long-acting opioid agonist from licensed clinics. Tobacco/Nicotine Dependence Varenicline (Chantix), Bupropion (Zyban), nicotine replacement (patch, gum, lozenge). Key tips Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) cuts relapse and mortality rates dramatically. Combining meds with therapy/support groups yields the best outcomes. Never stop abruptly without clinical guidance.
Antipsychotics
What they do Balance dopamine and serotonin pathways in the brain to reduce hallucinations, delusions, mood instability, and irritability. Also used as add-ons for depression, bipolar disorder, and severe anxiety. Common examples Aripiprazole (Abilify) Quetiapine (Seroquel) Risperidone (Risperdal) Olanzapine (Zyprexa) Lurasidone (Latuda) Ziprasidone (Geodon) Cariprazine (Vraylar) Clozapine (Clozaril) - for treatment-resistant schizophrenia; requires blood monitoring. How they’re used Taken daily or occasionally as long-acting injections (monthly or longer). Effects build gradually -psychotic symptoms improve over days to weeks or even months on a medication, mood stabilization may take weeks to months. Common side effects Drowsiness, dry mouth, or restlessness Weight or metabolic changes (especially olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine) Rare: muscle stiffness, tremor (shakiness), or tardive dyskinesia (abnormal movements) Routine labs monitor weight, glucose, and cholesterol. Key tips Maintain steady schedule and sleep; dose timing can minimize sedation. Notify your clinician about involuntary movements, high thirst, or significant weight gain early. Don’t self-stop - withdrawal or relapse risk can occur.
ADHD Medications
What they do Enhance dopamine and norepinephrine signaling in the brain to improve focus, organization, and impulse control. Common types Stimulants Methylphenidate family: Ritalin, Concerta, Focalin Amphetamine family: Adderall, Vyvanse, Dexedrine Non-stimulants Atomoxetine (Strattera) & Qelbree - builds gradually; no abuse potential Guanfacine ER (Intuniv), Clonidine ER (Kapvay) calming, good for hyperactivity/impulsivity How they’re used Usually once daily in morning. Stimulants act within an hour and wear off by evening. Non-stimulants take 2-4 weeks for full benefit. What to expect Improved concentration and task completion; appetite or sleep changes possible. Short-term mild jitteriness or dry mouth common. Can see potential increase in anxiety or anger as well.
Sleep Medications
What they do Support better sleep onset or maintenance. Best combined with CBT-I and lifestyle work -medication alone rarely fixes chronic insomnia. Common examples Trazodone - antidepressant that is sedating at low doses Doxepin (low-dose) - effective for middle-of-night awakenings Melatonin receptor agonists: Ramelteon (Rozerem) Hydroxyzine - calming antihistamine Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics: Zolpidem (Ambien), Eszopiclone (Lunesta) - short-term only What to expect Improved sleep onset or fewer awakenings. Some grogginess or vivid dreams may occur. Key tips Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest time. Avoid alcohol and driving soon after taking. Keep consistent sleep/wake times even on weekends.
Substance Use Treatment Medications
Alcohol Use Disorder Naltrexone (Revia, Vivitrol): Reduces pleasure/craving associated with alcohol. Acamprosate (Campral): Eases post-withdrawal anxiety and insomnia. Disulfiram (Antabuse): Causes unpleasant reaction if alcohol is consumed (used rarely). Opioid Use Disorder Buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone, Zubsolv, Sublocade): Partial opioid agonist; reduces craving and prevents withdrawal safely, also prevents abuse of opiates while on medication as it blocks other opiates from being active in your body. Naltrexone (Vivitrol injection): Non-opioid blocker, prevents relapse once detoxed. Methadone: Long-acting opioid agonist from licensed clinics. Tobacco/Nicotine Dependence Varenicline (Chantix), Bupropion (Zyban), nicotine replacement (patch, gum, lozenge). Key tips Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) cuts relapse and mortality rates dramatically. Combining meds with therapy/support groups yields the best outcomes. Never stop abruptly without clinical guidance.
Antipsychotics
What they do Balance dopamine and serotonin pathways in the brain to reduce hallucinations, delusions, mood instability, and irritability. Also used as add-ons for depression, bipolar disorder, and severe anxiety. Common examples Aripiprazole (Abilify) Quetiapine (Seroquel) Risperidone (Risperdal) Olanzapine (Zyprexa) Lurasidone (Latuda) Ziprasidone (Geodon) Cariprazine (Vraylar) Clozapine (Clozaril) - for treatment-resistant schizophrenia; requires blood monitoring. How they’re used Taken daily or occasionally as long-acting injections (monthly or longer). Effects build gradually -psychotic symptoms improve over days to weeks or even months on a medication, mood stabilization may take weeks to months. Common side effects Drowsiness, dry mouth, or restlessness Weight or metabolic changes (especially olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine) Rare: muscle stiffness, tremor (shakiness), or tardive dyskinesia (abnormal movements) Routine labs monitor weight, glucose, and cholesterol. Key tips Maintain steady schedule and sleep; dose timing can minimize sedation. Notify your clinician about involuntary movements, high thirst, or significant weight gain early. Don’t self-stop - withdrawal or relapse risk can occur.
ADHD Medications
What they do Enhance dopamine and norepinephrine signaling in the brain to improve focus, organization, and impulse control. Common types Stimulants Methylphenidate family: Ritalin, Concerta, Focalin Amphetamine family: Adderall, Vyvanse, Dexedrine Non-stimulants Atomoxetine (Strattera) & Qelbree - builds gradually; no abuse potential Guanfacine ER (Intuniv), Clonidine ER (Kapvay) calming, good for hyperactivity/impulsivity How they’re used Usually once daily in morning. Stimulants act within an hour and wear off by evening. Non-stimulants take 2-4 weeks for full benefit. What to expect Improved concentration and task completion; appetite or sleep changes possible. Short-term mild jitteriness or dry mouth common. Can see potential increase in anxiety or anger as well.
Sleep Medications
What they do Support better sleep onset or maintenance. Best combined with CBT-I and lifestyle work -medication alone rarely fixes chronic insomnia. Common examples Trazodone - antidepressant that is sedating at low doses Doxepin (low-dose) - effective for middle-of-night awakenings Melatonin receptor agonists: Ramelteon (Rozerem) Hydroxyzine - calming antihistamine Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics: Zolpidem (Ambien), Eszopiclone (Lunesta) - short-term only What to expect Improved sleep onset or fewer awakenings. Some grogginess or vivid dreams may occur. Key tips Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest time. Avoid alcohol and driving soon after taking. Keep consistent sleep/wake times even on weekends.
Substance Use Treatment Medications
Alcohol Use Disorder Naltrexone (Revia, Vivitrol): Reduces pleasure/craving associated with alcohol. Acamprosate (Campral): Eases post-withdrawal anxiety and insomnia. Disulfiram (Antabuse): Causes unpleasant reaction if alcohol is consumed (used rarely). Opioid Use Disorder Buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone, Zubsolv, Sublocade): Partial opioid agonist; reduces craving and prevents withdrawal safely, also prevents abuse of opiates while on medication as it blocks other opiates from being active in your body. Naltrexone (Vivitrol injection): Non-opioid blocker, prevents relapse once detoxed. Methadone: Long-acting opioid agonist from licensed clinics. Tobacco/Nicotine Dependence Varenicline (Chantix), Bupropion (Zyban), nicotine replacement (patch, gum, lozenge). Key tips Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) cuts relapse and mortality rates dramatically. Combining meds with therapy/support groups yields the best outcomes. Never stop abruptly without clinical guidance.
Antipsychotics
What they do Balance dopamine and serotonin pathways in the brain to reduce hallucinations, delusions, mood instability, and irritability. Also used as add-ons for depression, bipolar disorder, and severe anxiety. Common examples Aripiprazole (Abilify) Quetiapine (Seroquel) Risperidone (Risperdal) Olanzapine (Zyprexa) Lurasidone (Latuda) Ziprasidone (Geodon) Cariprazine (Vraylar) Clozapine (Clozaril) - for treatment-resistant schizophrenia; requires blood monitoring. How they’re used Taken daily or occasionally as long-acting injections (monthly or longer). Effects build gradually -psychotic symptoms improve over days to weeks or even months on a medication, mood stabilization may take weeks to months. Common side effects Drowsiness, dry mouth, or restlessness Weight or metabolic changes (especially olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine) Rare: muscle stiffness, tremor (shakiness), or tardive dyskinesia (abnormal movements) Routine labs monitor weight, glucose, and cholesterol. Key tips Maintain steady schedule and sleep; dose timing can minimize sedation. Notify your clinician about involuntary movements, high thirst, or significant weight gain early. Don’t self-stop - withdrawal or relapse risk can occur.
ADHD Medications
What they do Enhance dopamine and norepinephrine signaling in the brain to improve focus, organization, and impulse control. Common types Stimulants Methylphenidate family: Ritalin, Concerta, Focalin Amphetamine family: Adderall, Vyvanse, Dexedrine Non-stimulants Atomoxetine (Strattera) & Qelbree - builds gradually; no abuse potential Guanfacine ER (Intuniv), Clonidine ER (Kapvay) calming, good for hyperactivity/impulsivity How they’re used Usually once daily in morning. Stimulants act within an hour and wear off by evening. Non-stimulants take 2-4 weeks for full benefit. What to expect Improved concentration and task completion; appetite or sleep changes possible. Short-term mild jitteriness or dry mouth common. Can see potential increase in anxiety or anger as well.
Sleep Medications
What they do Support better sleep onset or maintenance. Best combined with CBT-I and lifestyle work -medication alone rarely fixes chronic insomnia. Common examples Trazodone - antidepressant that is sedating at low doses Doxepin (low-dose) - effective for middle-of-night awakenings Melatonin receptor agonists: Ramelteon (Rozerem) Hydroxyzine - calming antihistamine Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics: Zolpidem (Ambien), Eszopiclone (Lunesta) - short-term only What to expect Improved sleep onset or fewer awakenings. Some grogginess or vivid dreams may occur. Key tips Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest time. Avoid alcohol and driving soon after taking. Keep consistent sleep/wake times even on weekends.
Substance Use Treatment Medications
Alcohol Use Disorder Naltrexone (Revia, Vivitrol): Reduces pleasure/craving associated with alcohol. Acamprosate (Campral): Eases post-withdrawal anxiety and insomnia. Disulfiram (Antabuse): Causes unpleasant reaction if alcohol is consumed (used rarely). Opioid Use Disorder Buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone, Zubsolv, Sublocade): Partial opioid agonist; reduces craving and prevents withdrawal safely, also prevents abuse of opiates while on medication as it blocks other opiates from being active in your body. Naltrexone (Vivitrol injection): Non-opioid blocker, prevents relapse once detoxed. Methadone: Long-acting opioid agonist from licensed clinics. Tobacco/Nicotine Dependence Varenicline (Chantix), Bupropion (Zyban), nicotine replacement (patch, gum, lozenge). Key tips Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) cuts relapse and mortality rates dramatically. Combining meds with therapy/support groups yields the best outcomes. Never stop abruptly without clinical guidance.
Antipsychotics
What they do Balance dopamine and serotonin pathways in the brain to reduce hallucinations, delusions, mood instability, and irritability. Also used as add-ons for depression, bipolar disorder, and severe anxiety. Common examples Aripiprazole (Abilify) Quetiapine (Seroquel) Risperidone (Risperdal) Olanzapine (Zyprexa) Lurasidone (Latuda) Ziprasidone (Geodon) Cariprazine (Vraylar) Clozapine (Clozaril) - for treatment-resistant schizophrenia; requires blood monitoring. How they’re used Taken daily or occasionally as long-acting injections (monthly or longer). Effects build gradually -psychotic symptoms improve over days to weeks or even months on a medication, mood stabilization may take weeks to months. Common side effects Drowsiness, dry mouth, or restlessness Weight or metabolic changes (especially olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine) Rare: muscle stiffness, tremor (shakiness), or tardive dyskinesia (abnormal movements) Routine labs monitor weight, glucose, and cholesterol. Key tips Maintain steady schedule and sleep; dose timing can minimize sedation. Notify your clinician about involuntary movements, high thirst, or significant weight gain early. Don’t self-stop - withdrawal or relapse risk can occur.
ADHD Medications
What they do Enhance dopamine and norepinephrine signaling in the brain to improve focus, organization, and impulse control. Common types Stimulants Methylphenidate family: Ritalin, Concerta, Focalin Amphetamine family: Adderall, Vyvanse, Dexedrine Non-stimulants Atomoxetine (Strattera) & Qelbree - builds gradually; no abuse potential Guanfacine ER (Intuniv), Clonidine ER (Kapvay) calming, good for hyperactivity/impulsivity How they’re used Usually once daily in morning. Stimulants act within an hour and wear off by evening. Non-stimulants take 2-4 weeks for full benefit. What to expect Improved concentration and task completion; appetite or sleep changes possible. Short-term mild jitteriness or dry mouth common. Can see potential increase in anxiety or anger as well.
Sleep Medications
What they do Support better sleep onset or maintenance. Best combined with CBT-I and lifestyle work -medication alone rarely fixes chronic insomnia. Common examples Trazodone - antidepressant that is sedating at low doses Doxepin (low-dose) - effective for middle-of-night awakenings Melatonin receptor agonists: Ramelteon (Rozerem) Hydroxyzine - calming antihistamine Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics: Zolpidem (Ambien), Eszopiclone (Lunesta) - short-term only What to expect Improved sleep onset or fewer awakenings. Some grogginess or vivid dreams may occur. Key tips Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest time. Avoid alcohol and driving soon after taking. Keep consistent sleep/wake times even on weekends.
Substance Use Treatment Medications
Alcohol Use Disorder Naltrexone (Revia, Vivitrol): Reduces pleasure/craving associated with alcohol. Acamprosate (Campral): Eases post-withdrawal anxiety and insomnia. Disulfiram (Antabuse): Causes unpleasant reaction if alcohol is consumed (used rarely). Opioid Use Disorder Buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone, Zubsolv, Sublocade): Partial opioid agonist; reduces craving and prevents withdrawal safely, also prevents abuse of opiates while on medication as it blocks other opiates from being active in your body. Naltrexone (Vivitrol injection): Non-opioid blocker, prevents relapse once detoxed. Methadone: Long-acting opioid agonist from licensed clinics. Tobacco/Nicotine Dependence Varenicline (Chantix), Bupropion (Zyban), nicotine replacement (patch, gum, lozenge). Key tips Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) cuts relapse and mortality rates dramatically. Combining meds with therapy/support groups yields the best outcomes. Never stop abruptly without clinical guidance.
Questions about your care?
Questions about your care?
We’re here to help clarify conditions and treatment options.
We’re here to help clarify conditions and treatment options.
We’re here to help clarify conditions and treatment options.
